![]() There is a broader spectrum of higher animal taxa in the sea than on land, many marine species have yet to be discovered, and the number known to science is expanding annually.112 Some vertebrates such as seabirds, seals, and sea turtles return to the land to breed but fish, cetaceans, and sea snakes have a completely aquatic lifestyle and many invertebrate phyla are entirely marine. At Hangzhou in China, the bore can reach 9 meters (30 ft) high and travel up to 40 km (25 mi) per hour. ![]() ![]() The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the tidal range or tidal amplitude.5455 Tidal bores can occur at the mouths of rivers, where the force of the incoming tide pushes waves of seawater upstream against the current. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the foreshore or intertidal zone. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from burial at sea to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's 'The Sea and Sinbad's Ship' to A-mei's 'Listen to the Sea'.Īt any given place, the water rises over the course of the tidal cycle to a maximum height known as 'high tide' before ebbing away again to a minimum 'low tide' level. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults powerful tsunami waves and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea-oceanography-dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s.3 The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections-including the International Hydrographic Organization's four named oceans4 (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean 5 smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. ![]() A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.12a More broadly, 'the sea' is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters-considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. ![]()
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